Sumerianz Journal of Scientific Research
Online ISSN: 2617-6955
Print ISSN: 2617-765X
Quarterly Published (4 Issues Per Year)
Journal Website: https://www.sumerianz.com/?ic=journal-home&journal=29Archive
Volume 2 Issue 8 (2019)
On the Uncertain Foundation of the Law that Entropy Increases I: The Egregious Error in Clausius Principle of the Equivalence of Transformations
Authors : José C. Íñiguez
Abstract:The conceptual inconsistencies lying at the core of Clausius work leading to his principle of the equivalence of transformations, the name with which he originally designated the second main principle of the mechanical theory of heat, as well as those of the body of knowledge, namely current second law thermodynamics, which eventually replaced some of Clausius original notions are here located and their consequences discussed. At the light of our results the foundation of what is supposed to be the supreme law of nature appears to be not as firm as commonly believed. An experimental test is suggested for the notion on which the validity of the second law, as currently understood, is based, namely the zero total-entropy change for the reversible transformations of heat into work and vice versa.
Many fail to grasp what they have seen,
And cannot judge what they have learned,
Although they tell themselves they know.
Heraclitus [Fragments, Penguin Classics, 2001, p. 5]
Pages: 102-114
Mosses-Bioindicators in the Environmental Monitoring of Air Pollution by Metal Ions and Radionuclides
Authors : Topchiyeva Sh. A. ; Salahova S. Z. ; Y?ld?z L. Z. ; Kerimova R. Z. ; Allahverdiyeva R. Z.
Abstract:The purpose of our research was to identify the degree of air pollution with ions of mettals and radionuclides using moss bioindicators. For the studied samples of moss and soil near Mingechaur, Baku to identify the bioindicator properties of moss and for bioindication of air and soil. Concentrations of heavy metals were determined on an Agilent Technologies 7500 Series ICP-MS (7500cx) instrument using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, USA). The activity of radionuclides were determined on Gamma spectrometer "Canberra" (USA)γ-spectrometer with high a purity germanium detector (HP Ge). The content of metal ions in the studied samples collected from the least polluted territory of the city of near Mingechaur, which amounted for moss samples: Cd (0.19689), (Cu (59.19030), Ni (18.746), Pb (62.40856), Zn (50.11554) and Hg (0.060154); for soil samples - Cd (1.07352), (Cu (23.24958), Ni (20.33940), Pb (27.45685), Zn (12.11554) and Hg (0.059426) mg / kg, respectively. The content of heavy metals in the studied samples collected from the most polluted area nearthe city of Sumgait was experimentally determined, and for samples of mosses, they were Cd (0.61976), (Cu (64.28251), Ni (22.75801), Pb (65.70956), Zn (167.50293) and Hg (0.091319); for soil samples, Cd (0.29681), (Cu (27.61957), Ni (25.669), Pb (28.596), Zn (87.10275) and Hg (0.090798) mg / kg, respectively. It was determined the activity of radionuclides (7Be, 40K, 60Co, 208Tl, 134Cs, 137Cs, 210Bi, 212Bi, 212Pb) in the samples of of moss, soil and water samples taken from the Mingechaur region and in Baku region of the Azerbaijan Republic. As a result of the research it was revealedе the activity of 40K was more than other isotopes (648,1 Bq/kg). It was found out 7Be of activity 79.08 Bq/kg, 214Pb of activity 62.62Bq/kg, 214Bi of activity 28.74 Bq/kg, 137Cs of activity 14.01 Bq/kg, 134Cs of activity 12.15 Bq/kg, 60Co of activity 11.34 Bq/kg and oters, which were more in Mingechaur region than in Baku.
Pages: 97-101